Automation has “contributed substantially” to reducing the portion of national income that goes to U.S. workers over the past two decades, according to a new study by economists at the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco.

Kroger has unleashed a flurry of initiatives to ensure it won’t get thumped in a post-Amazon-buying-Whole-Foods world, but its biggest gamble is a partnership with British online grocer Ocado Group to build as many as 20 automated grocery warehouses in the United States.

UPS Inc. is counting on algorithms you can’t see to prove that investors were wrong to doubt its three-year, $20 billion technological makeover. It’s all part of CEO David Abney’s bet on squeezing out costs and becoming more nimble as UPS adjusts to surging e-commerce deliveries.